Thomas Aquinas Justifiable War and Killing Essay - 670 Words

Among some of the subjects that Aquinas tackles in On Law, Morality, and Politics is the dilemma of War and Killing. Aquinas sums up the legality of war through three criteria: that the war waged is done by a legitimate authority, that the war is just because the enemy has done something grossly wrong, and the intention of the war is to solely right the wrong. Also we see Aquinas say that the killing of an innocent person is justified if God wills it. Aquinas argues that one of the objectives in order to make a war justified is when a legitimate authority declares it. Typical it is usually a countrys top leadership that would count as legitimate authority, however in the United States it is not the President who can legally declare†¦show more content†¦If this was the policy that was to be followed, the United States would not be a country since it was private citizens, who according to Aquinas are certainly not legitimate authority, who armed themselves and rebelled against the British. The former colonies who revolted and rebelled against their Imperial European countries would not be awarded their own countries because the people who are ruled are not in authority and thus, according to Aquinas, cannot wage war. The second criterion for waging war because the enemy has done something wrong against the first country I can agree with Aquinas is just. When a country has repeatedly harassed another country, made consistent threats and provokes another country to war by building up their military and does represent a threat to the country and/or the surrounding countries, then I believe it is just for the first country to act and to ensure stability by eliminating the threat. A country who constantly causes trouble within its own borders and/or nearby countries cannot be left about if diplomacy and negotiating for peace goes nowhere, waiting will only stir more trouble and peace will become more threatened if it hasnt already been removed. The third is s omewhat unrealistic in my opinion. Throughout mankind, wars have been waged never solely to â€Å"right a wrong†. Lives are lost, land and property are damaged and destroyed, life is hell during war. ItShow MoreRelatedIs Declaration of War Ever Justifiable?1185 Words   |  5 Pagesthe beginning of war among settled civilizations, the question of whether war is right or wrong has been somewhat ambiguous. Some say war is wrong in totality and should not be an option because there are no moral, justifiable grounds for the damage caused during war. Others say that war can be just. The idea of having a justifiable war is called the â€Å"just war theory† or â€Å"just war doctrine†. As early as 400BCE, within the Indian book â€Å"Mahabharata†, the notion of having a just war has been debatedRead MoreOutline the concepts of just war and pacifism1943 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Outline the key concepts of Just War and Pacifism. A01 [21] The Just war theory maintains that war may be justified if fought only in certain circumstances, and only if certain restrictions are applied to the way in which war is fought. The theory that was first propounded by St Augustine of Hippo and St Ambrose of Milan ( 4th and 5th centuries AD) attempts to clarify two fundamental questions: ‘when is it right to fight?’ and ‘How should war be fought?’. Whereas Pacifists are people mainly ChristiansRead MoreActive Euthanasia Pros and Cons Essay1640 Words   |  7 Pagescondition with a great deal of suffering. Active euthanasia: Means causing the death of a person through direct action. Often done by a lethal combination of drugs. Involuntary euthanasia: Euthanasia committed against ones wishes, mercy killings, Still considered to be murder. Passive euthanasia: Withdrawal of medical equipment that is keeping the patient alive. Physician assisted suicide: (PAS) when a doctor provides a lethal dose of medicine to a patient and the patient uses itRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Double Effect2007 Words   |  9 Pagesproviding the same good end. I will now refer to two philosophers whom justify and discuss the premise behind the doctrine of double effect. Thomas Aquinas (2003) is acknowledged for his work introducing the principle of double effect in his discussion of the permissibility of self-defense in the Summa Theologica (II-II, Qu. 64, Art.7). Aquinas’ argues killing one’s assailant is defensible; however, their intention mustn’t have been to kill them. Nothing delays one act from causing two effects; oneRead MoreThe Doctrine of Double Effect2090 Words   |  8 Pagesmerely claim that they intended some sort of good outcome to result from their actions. The Doctrine of Double Effect was first created by Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas believed that if you killed someone who was attacking you, you were justified in this action because the individual who was being attacked didn’t have an intent to kill the attacker from the beginning. Aquinas observes that â€Å"nothing hinders one act from having two effects, only one of which is intended, while the other is beside the intentionRead MoreEthical Positions Research Paper : Torture1517 Words   |  7 Pagespunishment for a crime, as there is a constitutional prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment (Lendman, 2008). The UN and the Geneva Convention prohibit torture in the war, because it is immoral to extract information through the infliction of intense pain and suffering, because all sides are likely to take prisoners of war, and because no one wants their soldiers to be tortured. In all of these instances, we do not have an interest in torturing because to do so would be morally r epugnant (LendmanRead MoreThe Relevance Of Just War Tradition2289 Words   |  10 Pages The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the relevance of Just War Tradition (JWT) in contemporary warfare. It will do so through critical analysis of the condition of Just ad Bellum (JAB) because arguably if one carefully considers the moral conditions that make going to war justifiable then the same cautious, moral assumptions apply in Jus in Bello. Firstly it will briefly discuss the history of JWT and thusly the inherent problems within JAB applied in the contemporary world. Secondly it willRead MoreCan There Ever Be A Just War On Terror?2819 Words   |  12 PagesCan there ever be a just war on terror A Just War is a war which is fought, however, conducted under certain rules and regulations; these were created by Thomas Aquinas and Francisco de Vitoria. (Anon,[n.d]a), This theory is used as a means of showing those who are going to war, excluding those which classify under the regulations, that going to war is wrong and were deemed immoral. The intentions which were used to forward this process were to encourage the other states that there are other means

Macbeth, By William Shakespeare - 1294 Words

â€Å"I Had Most Need of Blessing, and ‘Amen’ Stuck in my Throat!† Madness in Macbeth due to the Absence of Christianity In Shakespeare’s writing of Macbeth, the continued instances of madness in the protagonists can be contributed to the lack of a religious anchor to root the characters down and maintain sanity and morality. The breakdown of Christianity in Macbeth is linked to the religious turmoil going on in England under James I. Shakespearean literature was written under the assumption of scribal criticism, so religious commentaries are framed in a subdued manner. As Renaissance Englishmen struggled to grasp Christianity, â€Å"the plays of Shakespeare question†¦ hegemony by identifying madness as produced by self-contradictions of the dominant ideology† (Salkeld 118). Like most Englishmen, the character of Macbeth cannot take control of his religious destiny, and â€Å"Macbeth is therefore trying to violate his own nature, the basis of human society, and the divine order in the stars† (Fergusson). By failing to embra ce Christianity, both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth dictate their own destinies, as â€Å"Shakespeare’s characters may at times, reflecting their belief in medical or religious orthodoxy, allude to the humor’s determination of character† (Thiher 78). As Shakespeare’s protagonists delve further into insanity, the sphere of influence they hold increases. Similar to James I, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have profound impacts on their people, and their madness descends into both natureShow MoreRelatedMacbeth by William Shakespeare770 Words   |  3 PagesThe play Macbeth is written by William Shakespeare. It is believed to be written between 1603 and 1607 and set in eleventh century Scotland. It is also believed to be first performed in 1606. It is considered to be one of the darkest and most powerful tragedies. Macbeth, set in Scotland, dramatizes the psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen to fulfill the ambition of power. The Tragedy of Ma cbeth is Shakespeare’s shortest tragedy and tells the story of Macbeth, a ScottishRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1425 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth Just Can’t Wait To Be King Everyone has a quality that they do not like about themselves. Some people struggle to be social, others may be too controlling of people. The list goes on and on, but the point is that everybody has a particular quality that they must learn to control or else that particular quality can get out of hand. Of course, one could write a list of characters that have major flaws. There is no better example than William Shakespeare’s character, Macbeth, in The TragedyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1409 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air.† On October 17th, I had the pleasure of going to see Macbeth performed at the Shakespeare Tavern. Along with its reputation for being â€Å"cursed,† Macbeth is also known as one of the crown jewels of William Shakespeare’s repertoire. In my opinion, the central concept of this particular retelling of the play was the murkiness of character. Throughout the pla y, the many characters go through fierce temptation and strife, and noneRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1203 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a play based on King James I, it was written by William Shakespeare, however this play isn’t a king and queen fairy tale, but it’s a play about greed and guilt, chaos and murder and three evil witches who use prophecies to influence Macbeth to do bad things, using flattery would instigate his inner ambition to become king, which in the end doesn’t lead to a very happy ending. Shakespeare’s, Macbeth, was written in the early Jacobean period. During those times, women had no power, theyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1243 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†, the author portrays the main character Macbeth as a very tortured and flawed individual whose actions only serve to further unravel him. He is conflicted and power hungry, which drives him to perform evil murders and become a ruthless person. Macbeth’s moral compass is not resilient enough to withstand his wife’s manipulations and he is provoked to act on his malicious thoughts of murder. The author explores the terrible effects that ambition and guilt can haveRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesreaction†. Macbeth by William Shakespeare is a tale which illuminates the consequences of violating the â€Å"Natural order†, the hierarchy of beings in the universe. When Macbeth, a warrior wel l-known for his courage and bravery, murders King Duncan acting on his unchecked ambition to claim the throne, the order was disrupted, the result†¦chaos. Shakespeare uses symbolism to illustrate the atmosphere of the play as the natural order is flung into a state of turmoil. These techniques used by Shakespeare is usedRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1483 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent references in the play of how a king deals with power and if they use it for better or for their own personal gain. In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth’s obsession with his journey to power leads to his failure. This obsession is demonstrated through the prophecies, the murder of his best friend Banquo, and his own demise. Macbeth demonstrates that he is incapable of mastering the power and responsibilities of being a king. This is indicated throughout the play with theRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1045 Words   |  5 PagesBlood appears in only two forms, but many times in Macbeth by William Shakespeare; between the war scene at the beginning of the play and the lifting of Macbeth’s severed being lifted by Macduff at the end. It can be said that Macbeth could have been written in blood that there is such a large amount. What is unique about blood in Macbeth is that the â€Å"imaginary blood† or the guilt that the murderer feels plays more of a role of understand and amplifying the theme of the play, that blood is guiltRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1431 Words   |  6 Pages Macbeth, though originally a valiant and prudent soldier, deteriorates into an unwise king whose rash decisions conclusively end in the atrophy of his title, power, and position. Several facto rs contribute to the downfall of Macbeth, which produce a contagion effect and ultimately end with his demise. He receives help from his â€Å"inner ambitions and external urgings† which result in his downfall (Bernad 49). The â€Å"external urgings† consist of the weird sisters who disclose his prophecies, which enlightenRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe oxford dictionary definition of guilt, 1, the fact of having committed a specified or implied offence or crime, 1.1, a feeling of having committed wrong or failed in obligation. In Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, Macbeth, the titular character and his wife Lady Macbeth kill the King in order to become King and Queen themselves, this came with consequences which are still relevant in society today. The guilt they felt and the relevance to sleeplessness are common topics almost four hundred

Mediation †Practicum Free Essays

What kept the two sides glued to the negotiating table was their mutual desire to stay out of court.   Although for different reasons, a court case would not help the causes of Manasseh Pulp Paper Company (Manasseh) and Shawnee Power Company (Shawnee).   Manasseh had two reasons for wanting to settle the dispute out of court. We will write a custom essay sample on Mediation – Practicum or any similar topic only for you Order Now    First, the company was not financially healthy.   It feared that the combined cost of taking down the dam and bringing Shawnee to court would dangerously drain the company coffers. Second, it considered Shawnee a big customer for their specialty papers and believed, correctly, that filing a suit would certainly mean losing a sizable amount of business. (Selig, 2002) Although Manasseh appeared adamant in its initial demand, I believe that the company was really hoping for a favorable out of court settlement. Shawnee, on the other hand, had its own reasons for avoiding a court case.   Even before the problem with Manasseh arose, the company had already received an order from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requiring it to clear the river of their toxic metal discharge.   The company counsel pointed out that a suit involving the same issue might work to their disadvantage in that it might force EPA to compel Shawnee to speed up its compliance with the clean-up directive. Shawnee would not want this to happen because it would mean an earlier cash outflow for the project.   Moreover, if Shawnee lost a court case with Manasseh (and the probability was very high because unquestionably, Shawnee was the source of the toxic metal in the river), the company counsel feared that such a ruling might cause a negative influence on the EPA regarding their directive on the toxic metal clean-up. (Selig, 2002) The aforementioned motivations compelled both parties to keep on discussing possibilities despite recurring impasses brought about by their conflicting interests.   The counsels of both parties played a significant role in maintaining interest in the discussion not only by their constant reminders about the undesirability of litigation, but also by their active participation in efforts to look for mutually-beneficial alternatives. It must be properly noted that during one of the lulls in the discussion, it was the remark of one of the legal counsels that â€Å"it would be a lot simpler and cheaper if we could repair the dam instead of having to take it down,† (Selig, 2002) that started the ball rolling again. Notice should also be made of the participants’ enthusiasm in following-up any new ideas that came from discussants from both sides of the table every time an impasse occurred.  Ã‚   When one of the attorneys made the remark about the possibility of a repair being cheaper, it was a Manasseh vice president who followed it up by asking â€Å"if we were to repair this dam, could we restore railway service over the top and also use it once again to generate electricity?† (Selig, 2002) Another constructive quality shown by the parties to the conflict was their readiness to look at the issue from all sides and take into account radical departures from their original demands and objectives in order to investigate all possible areas of agreement.   For instance, the final solution found by the parties – that of repairing the dam, restoring the railway service, and operating a turbine that would generate power (Selig, 2002) – was a far cry from their original plan of dredging the toxic wastes and dismantling the dam.   However, since both parties were determined to look for a solution, their discussions stretched that far. The successful resolution of the problem faced by Manasseh and Shawnee as shown in this case history, is evidence that if parties to conflicts adopt the correct attitude before embarking on conflict resolution processes, solutions that could benefit all parties involved are almost always available.   That attitude would include a determination to resolve the issue in a way that would benefit the two sides.   To achieve such an attitude, both parties are required to come prepared to open up, speak freely, patiently listen to arguments, empathize with the other’s situation, and be prepared to utilize all pieces of information arising out of the discussions to explore possible avenues of success. As a tactical move, it might help to stand firm on one’s position, but for the sake of a successful negotiation, one should never close the door on proposals from the other side.   In the case history presented, several issues stalled the discussion.   The first hurdle proved to be the differential amount of $2.2 million that Manasseh insisted must be paid by Shawnee and which Shawnee expectedly rejected. (Selig, 2002).   However, because both sides were decided to settle things out of court, that disagreement, and all other subsequent differences of opinions, did not deter them from seeing the process to its final conclusion. The Manasseh – Shawnee negotiation showed that in cases where the parties to a conflict are both intent on resolving their common problem, the mediator becomes redundant.   A mediator is someone who has no interest in the case, personal or otherwise, and his or her neutrality is supposed to afford him or her with an unobstructed view of the possible solutions to the conflict. However, in the subject case history where both parties were determined to cooperate in order to find a mutually-beneficial solution – out of court – their positive attitude was enough to provide them with a certain amount of neutrality that enabled them to stay focused on looking for possible solutions to their shared problem.   Of course, full realization of the dire consequences to both parties in case they failed to reach an agreement proved decisive.   Both Manasseh and Shawnee, for instance, were fully aware of the urgency of repairing the dam before it collapsed because they were advised by their respective counsels that they â€Å"would probably be held jointly and severally liable for the consequences of such a collapse.† (Selig, 2002) The six-month deadline fixed by the Corps of Engineers for the removal of the dam provided an added impetus for the two parties to stay on the negotiating table in spite of several impasses until a solution was finally found. (Selig, 2002)   Based on this case history, it would therefore be safe to conclude that given the proper guidance and control from the proper authority, it only takes total cooperation from both parties to render the mediator redundant. REFERENCES Selig, E.I. (2002). Mediation Principles: An Environmental Case History. Dispute Resolution How to cite Mediation – Practicum, Essay examples

Details on SWOT analysis of Maggi

Question: Give SWOT analysis of Maggi Singapore. Answer: Introduction Maggi is a well-known brand of Nestle with a variety of soups, bullion, and sauces. Maggi noodles, Maggi soups are demands in a country like Singapore. Maggi has started producing its noodles since 1975 to satisfy the consumer needs for quick and convenient light meals to eat. Maggi slogan of Fast to cook and good to eat is recollected by Singaporeans. As Maggi is one of the leading product and brand names in Singapore, with strong customer fidelity, it has more strength than weaknesses (Ha Coghill, 2008). The SWOT study of Maggi shows its strength as a product in Singapore. SWOT Analysis Maggi has a variety of products in Singapore. It makes a wide range of instant noodles in Singapore. Its SWOT analysis clarifies its growth and image. Strength Maggi is a recognizable brand of nestle. Its popularity is its biggest strengths that are effectively unique. Maggi brand is well known worldwide and easily available in Singapore market. It is easy to cook and it saves time. Singapore has the greatest favorable instant noodle trade market in the world. Hence, with brand loyalty Maggi has a market leader in noodles category (Ha Coghill, 2008). Excellent advertising with effective taglines like fast to cook well to eat is easily remembered by the Singaporean. Maggi noodles have its own range, which, is easily available in the Singapore market. Maggi is offering multipurpose products for the cooking solution to busy womens such as Maggi cubes, chili sauce, Maggi oyster sauce, Maggi liquid for chicken stocks, all these are popular in Singapore (Schrder, n.d.). Last but not the least it is easy to cook and serve. Weakness Maggi does have much weakness as it is a brand of Nestle and it believes in good quality. Yet its not free from weakness- Typed flavor as most of the Singaporean enjoys spicy noodles, which is not good for the children and old age people (Spence, 2008). In Singapore, Maggi has its own variety of noodles and have local taste and for the outsiders and foreigners, general taste of Maggi is not easily available. Health issues are generated by media. Opportunities As Maggi is a common meal and easily satisfied to the consumers. It must fulfill the different opportunities to make the brand more popular and loyal towards the consumers. Maggi can expand its products not only in noodles but in other categories also. Give a better and delicious taste to every age level. Make the products which are beneficial for older people and easy to digest. Try to change the flavor for the outsiders and foreigners and also for the local consumers. Threats One major threat is shown by the media to the existence of Maggi. The media and online websites show that there is some ill effect of Maggi. For some time, Singapore suspends the sale of Maggi (Towndrow Vaish, 2009). Maggi has a tough competition in Singapore market, as other brands like Koka, Nissan is gaining successful market share. Conclusion Singapore is a country with different ethnicities and nationalities. Maggi is often, known as Maggi noodles in Singapore (Towndrow Vaish, 2009). They have their own taste of Maggi. Maggi has various opportunities to maintain the image of the brand and always try to solve the issues related to product as the meal products directly affect the health of the consumers. References Ha, H. Coghill, K. (2008). E-Government in Singapore - A SWOT and PEST Analysis. Schrder, R. Quantitative Swot Analysis: An Aggregation Approach Allowing for Dependencies. Spence, D. (2008). "Maggie, Maggie, Maggie . . . ".BMJ,336(7657), 1380-1380. Towndrow, P. Vaish, V. (2009). Wireless laptops in English classrooms: a SWOT analysis from Singapore.